Исключение необработанного просмотра 2D-карты

В настоящее время я пытаюсь получить карту Tiled для правильной загрузки. Я провел большую часть дня в поисках помощи, в том числе и здесь, и ничего не нашел. Поэтому я решил использовать свой инстинкт, переписать код так, как я думал, он должен работать, и проигнорировать мою книгу «Программирование начальных игр», потому что в главе, касающейся карт тайлов, используется LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 вместо LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9, и мне нужна прозрачность.

Таким образом, я удалил весь лишний код, и у меня осталось то, что мне подсказывает мой инстинкт, отображать карту тайлов, если она не выдает исключение. Я потратил весь день с переменным успехом на рендеринг карты, поэтому я сокращаю ее до минимума того, что ей нужно.

Необработанное исключение в 0x00893eaa в Platformer.exe: 0xC0000005:
Место чтения нарушения доступа 0x008a9000.

Конкретная функция, на которую указывает эта ошибка, такова:

void BuildGameWorld()
{
int x, y;
LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9 tiles = nullptr;

//load the texture file
tiles = LoadTexture("tiles_spritesheet.png", D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255, 0, 255));

for(y = 0; y < GAMEWORLDHEIGHT; y++)
{
for(x = 0; x < GAMEWORLDWIDTH; x++)
{
/****** THIS LINE HERE ******/
DrawTile(tiles, MAPDATA[y * MAPWIDTH + x], 2, 70, 70, 12, backbuffer, x * 70, y * 70, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255,255,255));
}
}

//release the texture file
tiles->Release();
}

Остальная часть исходного кода здесь

//Filename: MyDirectX.h
#pragma once

//header files
#define WIN32_EXTRA_LEAN
#include <windows.h>
#include <d3d9.h>
#include <d3dx9.h>
#include <ctime>
#include <iostream>
#include <sstream>
#include <iomanip>
using namespace std;

//libraries
#pragma comment(lib,"winmm.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"user32.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"gdi32.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"dxguid.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"d3d9.lib")
#pragma comment(lib,"d3dx9.lib")

//program values
extern const string APPTITLE;
extern const int SCREENW;
extern const int SCREENH;
extern bool gameover;

//Direct3D objects
extern LPDIRECT3D9 d3d;
extern LPDIRECT3DDEVICE9 d3ddev;
extern LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 backbuffer;
extern LPD3DXSPRITE spriteobj;

//Direct3D functions
bool Direct3D_Init(HWND hwnd, int width, int height, bool fullscreen);
void Direct3D_Shutdown();

LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 LoadSurface(string filename);
void DrawSurface(LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 dest, float x, float y, LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 source);

LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9 LoadTexture(string filename, D3DCOLOR transcolor = D3DCOLOR_XRGB(0,0,0));
//game functions
bool Game_Init(HWND window);
void Game_Run(HWND window);
void Game_End();

void DrawTile(LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9 source, int frame,int spacing, int width, int height, int columns, LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 dest, int destx, int desty, D3DCOLOR color);
void BuildGameWorld();//Filename: MyDirectX.cpp
#include "MyDirectX.h"#include <iostream>
using namespace std;

//Direct3D variables
LPDIRECT3D9 d3d = NULL;
LPDIRECT3DDEVICE9 d3ddev = NULL;
LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 backbuffer = NULL;
LPD3DXSPRITE spriteobj;

bool Direct3D_Init(HWND window, int width, int height, bool fullscreen)
{
//initialize Direct3D
d3d = Direct3DCreate9(D3D_SDK_VERSION);
if (!d3d) return false;

//set Direct3D presentation parameters
D3DPRESENT_PARAMETERS d3dpp;
ZeroMemory(&d3dpp, sizeof(d3dpp));
d3dpp.hDeviceWindow = window;
d3dpp.Windowed = (!fullscreen);
d3dpp.SwapEffect = D3DSWAPEFFECT_DISCARD;
d3dpp.EnableAutoDepthStencil = 1;
d3dpp.AutoDepthStencilFormat = D3DFMT_D24S8;
d3dpp.Flags = D3DPRESENTFLAG_DISCARD_DEPTHSTENCIL;
d3dpp.PresentationInterval = D3DPRESENT_INTERVAL_IMMEDIATE;
d3dpp.BackBufferFormat = D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8;
d3dpp.BackBufferCount = 1;
d3dpp.BackBufferWidth = width;
d3dpp.BackBufferHeight = height;

//create Direct3D device
d3d->CreateDevice( D3DADAPTER_DEFAULT, D3DDEVTYPE_HAL, window,
D3DCREATE_SOFTWARE_VERTEXPROCESSING, &d3dpp, &d3ddev);
if (!d3ddev) return false;//get a pointer to the back buffer surface
d3ddev->GetBackBuffer(0, 0, D3DBACKBUFFER_TYPE_MONO, &backbuffer);

//create sprite object
D3DXCreateSprite(d3ddev, &spriteobj);

return 1;
}
void Direct3D_Shutdown()
{
if (spriteobj) spriteobj->Release();

if (d3ddev) d3ddev->Release();
if (d3d) d3d->Release();
}

void DrawSurface(LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 dest, float x, float y, LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 source)
{
//get width/height from source surface
D3DSURFACE_DESC desc;
source->GetDesc(&desc);

//create rects for drawing
RECT source_rect = {0, 0, (long)desc.Width, (long)desc.Height };
RECT dest_rect = { (long)x, (long)y, (long)x+desc.Width, (long)y+desc.Height};

//draw the source surface onto the dest
d3ddev->StretchRect(source, &source_rect, dest, &dest_rect, D3DTEXF_NONE);

}
LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 LoadSurface(string filename)
{
LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 image = NULL;

//get width and height from bitmap file
D3DXIMAGE_INFO info;
HRESULT result = D3DXGetImageInfoFromFile(filename.c_str(), &info);
if (result != D3D_OK)
return NULL;

//create surface
result = d3ddev->CreateOffscreenPlainSurface(
info.Width,         //width of the surface
info.Height,        //height of the surface
D3DFMT_X8R8G8B8,    //surface format
D3DPOOL_DEFAULT,    //memory pool to use
&image,             //pointer to the surface
NULL);              //reserved (always NULL)

if (result != D3D_OK) return NULL;

//load surface from file into newly created surface
result = D3DXLoadSurfaceFromFile(
image,                  //destination surface
NULL,                   //destination palette
NULL,                   //destination rectangle
filename.c_str(),       //source filename
NULL,                   //source rectangle
D3DX_DEFAULT,           //controls how image is filtered
D3DCOLOR_XRGB(0,0,0),   //for transparency (0 for none)
NULL);                  //source image info (usually NULL)

//make sure file was loaded okay
if (result != D3D_OK) return NULL;

return image;
}

LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9 LoadTexture(std::string filename, D3DCOLOR transcolor)
{
LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9 texture = NULL;

//get width and height from bitmap file
D3DXIMAGE_INFO info;
HRESULT result = D3DXGetImageInfoFromFile(filename.c_str(), &info);
if (result != D3D_OK) return NULL;

//create the new texture by loading a bitmap image file
D3DXCreateTextureFromFileEx(
d3ddev,                //Direct3D device object
filename.c_str(),      //bitmap filename
info.Width,            //bitmap image width
info.Height,           //bitmap image height
1,                     //mip-map levels (1 for no chain)
D3DPOOL_DEFAULT,       //the type of surface (standard)
D3DFMT_UNKNOWN,        //surface format (default)
D3DPOOL_DEFAULT,       //memory class for the texture
D3DX_DEFAULT,          //image filter
D3DX_DEFAULT,          //mip filter
transcolor,            //color key for transparency
&info,                 //bitmap file info (from loaded file)
NULL,                  //color palette
&texture );            //destination texture

//make sure the bitmap textre was loaded correctly
if (result != D3D_OK) return NULL;

return texture;
}

//Filename: MyGame.cpp
#include "MyDirectX.h"using namespace std;

const string APPTITLE = "2D Platformer";
const int SCREENW = 1024;
const int SCREENH = 768;

//settings for the scroller
const int TILEWIDTH = 70;
const int TILEHEIGHT = 70;
const int MAPWIDTH = 30;
const int MAPHEIGHT = 10;

//scrolling window size
const int WINDOWWIDTH = (SCREENW / TILEWIDTH) * TILEWIDTH;
const int WINDOWHEIGHT = (SCREENH / TILEHEIGHT) * TILEHEIGHT;

//entire gameworld dimensions
const int GAMEWORLDWIDTH = TILEWIDTH * MAPWIDTH;
const int GAMEWORLDHEIGHT = TILEHEIGHT * MAPHEIGHT;

int MAPDATA[MAPWIDTH*MAPHEIGHT] =
{
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,
0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,10,
10,10,10,10,10,10,10,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,153,
153,153,153,153,153,153,153,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,153,
153,153,153,153,153,153,153,145,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,0,133,0,0,153,
153,153,153,153,153,153,153,10,10,10,10,10,103,103,103,103,103,103,103,103,103,103,103,103,103,10,10,10,10,153,
153,153,153,153,153,153,153,153,153,153,153,153,44,44,44,44,44,44,44,44,44,44,44,44,44,153,153,153,153,153
};

bool Game_Init(HWND window)
{
//initialize Direct3D
Direct3D_Init(window, SCREENW, SCREENH, false);

//create a pointer to the backbuffer
d3ddev->GetBackBuffer(0, 0, D3DBACKBUFFER_TYPE_MONO, &backbuffer);

return true;
}
void Game_Run(HWND window)
{
//make sure the Direct3D device is valid
if (!d3ddev) return;

//clear the scene
d3ddev->Clear(0, NULL, D3DCLEAR_TARGET | D3DCLEAR_ZBUFFER, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(0,0,100), 1.0f, 0);

//start rendering
if (d3ddev->BeginScene())
{

spriteobj->Begin(D3DXSPRITE_ALPHABLEND);

BuildGameWorld();

spriteobj->End();

//stop rendering
d3ddev->EndScene();
d3ddev->Present(NULL, NULL, NULL, NULL);
}

//exit when escape key is pressed
if (GetAsyncKeyState(VK_ESCAPE))
gameover = true;

}
void Game_End()
{
//free memory and shut down
Direct3D_Shutdown();
}

void DrawTile(LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9 source, int frame,int spacing, int width, int height, int columns, LPDIRECT3DSURFACE9 dest, int destx, int desty, D3DCOLOR color)
{
//get dimensions for the tile
RECT r1;
r1.left = ((frame % columns) + spacing * frame) * width;
r1.top = (frame / columns) * height;
r1.right = r1.left + width;
r1.bottom = r1.top + height;

//draw the sprite
spriteobj->Draw(source, &r1, &D3DXVECTOR3(r1.right / 2, r1.bottom / 2, 0), &D3DXVECTOR3(destx, desty, 0), color);
}

void BuildGameWorld()
{
int x, y;
LPDIRECT3DTEXTURE9 tiles = nullptr;

//load the texture file
tiles = LoadTexture("tiles_spritesheet.png", D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255, 0, 255));

for(y = 0; y < GAMEWORLDHEIGHT; y++)
{
for(x = 0; x < GAMEWORLDWIDTH; x++)
{
DrawTile(tiles, MAPDATA[y * MAPWIDTH + x], 2, 70, 70, 12, backbuffer, x * 70, y * 70, D3DCOLOR_XRGB(255,255,255));
}
}

//release the texture file
tiles->Release();
}

//Filename: MyWindows.cpp
#include "MyDirectX.h"using namespace std;
bool gameover = false;LRESULT WINAPI WinProc( HWND hWnd, UINT msg, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam )
{
switch( msg )
{
case WM_DESTROY:
gameover = true;
PostQuitMessage(0);
return 0;
}
return DefWindowProc( hWnd, msg, wParam, lParam );
}int WINAPI WinMain(HINSTANCE hInstance, HINSTANCE hPrevInstance, LPSTR lpCmdLine, int nCmdShow)
{
//initialize window settings
WNDCLASSEX wc;
wc.cbSize = sizeof(WNDCLASSEX);
wc.style         = CS_HREDRAW | CS_VREDRAW;
wc.lpfnWndProc   = (WNDPROC)WinProc;
wc.cbClsExtra    = 0;
wc.cbWndExtra    = 0;
wc.hInstance     = hInstance;
wc.hIcon         = NULL;
wc.hCursor       = LoadCursor(NULL, IDC_ARROW);
wc.hbrBackground = (HBRUSH)GetStockObject(WHITE_BRUSH);
wc.lpszMenuName  = NULL;
wc.lpszClassName = APPTITLE.c_str();
wc.hIconSm       = NULL;
RegisterClassEx(&wc);

//create a new window
HWND window = CreateWindow( APPTITLE.c_str(), APPTITLE.c_str(),
WS_OVERLAPPEDWINDOW, CW_USEDEFAULT, CW_USEDEFAULT,
SCREENW, SCREENH, NULL, NULL, hInstance, NULL);
if (window == 0) return 0;

//display the window
ShowWindow(window, nCmdShow);
UpdateWindow(window);

//initialize the game
if (!Game_Init(window)) return 0;

// main message loop
MSG message;
while (!gameover)
{
if (PeekMessage(&message, NULL, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE))
{
TranslateMessage(&message);
DispatchMessage(&message);
}

//process game loop
Game_Run(window);
}

//shutdown
Game_End();
return message.wParam;
}